This discussion specifically addresses the intricacies of effective color usage ( Section 9.1 "Color"), symbol selection ( Section 9.2 "Symbology"), and map layout and design ( Section 9.3 "Cartographic Design"). The cartographic principles discussed herein are laid out to guide GIS users through the process of transforming accumulated bits of GIS data into attractive, usefulmaps for print and display. Indeed, a strong working knowledge of cartographic rules will not only assist in the avoidance of potential misrepresentation of spatial information but also enhance one’s ability to identify these indiscretions in other cartographers’ creations. In addition, maps, like statistics, can be used to distort information, as illustrated by Mark Monmonier’s (1996) Monmonier, M. In these cases, the hard work of creating, maintaining, aligning, and analyzing complex spatial datasets are not truly appreciated as the final mapping product may not adequately communicate this information to the consumer. Unfortunately, many GIS users are never exposed to the field of cartography The discipline concerned with the conception, production, dissemination, and study of maps in all forms. In essence, this chapter shifts the focus away from GIS tools and toward cartographic tools, although the two are becoming more and more inextricably bound. This chapter is concerned less with the computational options available to the GIS user and more with the artistic options. From projections to data management to spatial analysis, we have up to now focused on the more technical points of a geographic information system (GIS).
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